MBW Reacts is a series of analytical commentaries from Music Business Worldwide written in response to major recent entertainment events or news stories. Only MBW+ subscribers have unlimited access to these articles.
For at least the past year, music industry leaders have voiced unease about the flood of tracks hitting streaming services.
Some worry that, under streaming’s dominant pro-rata royalty system, professional and popular artists’ share of the royalty pie is being diluted by payments going to low-quality tracks.
Others are concerned that high-quality artists will simply be drowned out by this tidal wave of new material – a fear heightened by news last year that an estimated 120,000 new tracks are being uploaded to streaming services every day.
Such considerations have now impacted the policies of leading streaming services – not least Spotify.
One very relevant question, then: Just how many tracks on streaming services today are receiving fewer than 1,000 plays per year – and how many are getting no plays at all?
The answer, according to a new report from market monitor Luminate, is a heck of a lot.
That number amounts to a whopping 86.2% of the 184 million music tracks that Luminate measured on audio streaming services at the close of last year via ISRCs (International Standard Recording Codes).
(These numbers and the two charts below have been updated as of January 11 following new data from Luminate that incorporates Week 52 of 2023.)
Even more tellingly, a total of 45.6 million tracks received zero plays in 2023. That represents 24.8% of the 184 million tracks available on audio streaming platforms.
Yup: nearly a quarter of streaming services’ entire available music catalog wasn’t streamed even once last year.
Luminate has previously reported that approximately 38 million (37.9 million) tracks received zero plays on streaming platforms in 2022 – so this figure rose by 20% YoY in 2023, or by 7.7 million.
However, the total number of tracks on streaming platforms also grew last year, up 16.5%YoY.
Indeed, the total amount of music in the global audio-streaming ecosystem soared in 2023.
The 184 million audio tracks on streaming services counted by Luminate at the close of 2023 was up by 26 million vs. the 158 million tracks that Luminate measured at the close of 2022.
To put it another way: There were around 2.17 million fresh tracks uploaded to streaming services per month last year.
The new Luminate report calculates that there was “an average of 103,500 new ISRCs [tracks] delivered to streaming services each day in 2023, which is up 10.8% from 2022 when there was an average of 93,400 delivered each day.”
The relevant chart from Luminate (updated to include Week 52 of 2023)
As you can see above, 79.7 million tracks – just over 43% of all tracks available – received 10 or fewer plays on all audio streaming services in 2023.
This kind of stat helps to explain why audio streaming services have begun to move towards ‘artist-centric’-style payment models, which typically favor artists with larger numbers of streams, and seek to de-monetize unpopular tracks that are each only earning small amounts of royalties per year.
First out of the gate with an ‘artist-centric’ model was Deezer, the Paris-headquartered music streaming service.
In October, it introduced a new payment system in France under which artists who have a minimum of 1,000 streams per month and a minimum of 500 unique listeners receive a so-called “double boost” to royalty payments.
Under that system, artists also receive another “double boost” in their royalty share if they are actively searched for by listeners.
“In the coming months, I believe you will see more platforms adopting these principles. Why? Because it is the right thing to do both for artists and for the wider music ecosystem.”
Sir Lucian Grainge, Universal Music Group
Later last year came the real seismic shift, when the grand-daddy of music DSPs, Spotify, announced it was changing its payment model as well.
In addition to de-monetizing tracks with fewer than 1,000 streams in the previous 12 months, Spotify’s new model (again, launching this quarter – Q1 2024) also requires each track to achieve a minimum number of unique listeners to become eligible for royalty payouts.
So far, Spotify is remaining tight-lipped on what this minimum number of unique listeners is because, it says, it doesn’t want to give this information to “bad actors”.
Meanwhile, Spotify says that “99.5% of all streams” on its platform currently “are of tracks that have at least 1,000 annual streams”, and that “each of those tracks will earn more under this policy”.
In a recent New Year note to staff, UMG’s Sir Lucian Grainge predicted that more streaming services would soon adopt ‘artist-centric’-style payout models.
“[I]n just a matter of months, several global platforms, including the world’s largest music platform, have already adopted artist-centric principles that will transform the way artists are compensated for their work,” Grainge wrote.
“In the coming months, I believe you will see more platforms adopting these principles. Why? Because it is the right thing to do both for artists and for the wider music ecosystem.”
While the new payment models at Spotify and Deezer certainly address the issue of low-play tracks, they don’t necessarily solve the issue of zero-play tracks.
After all, under the conventional pro-rata payment system, a track with zero plays gets zero share of the royalty pool.
The volume of un-streamed tracks is increasingly a problem for streaming services.
MBW has estimated that Spotify’s minimum possible annual cost of “cloud computing services and additional software licensing fees” jumped from €35 million in 2019 to more than €130 million in 2022.
And while these numbers include more than just the cost of music storage, we can be sure that a good chunk of the increase is linked to the rapid increase of songs available on its platform. (Again, these are minimum possible costs based on limited information published by Spotify – the real figures are likely much higher.)
In March of last year, Deezer CEO Jeronimo Folgueira addressed this issue on earnings call, telling analysts that “there’s a lot of content getting uploaded to our platform every week… it puts a lot of content in our servers that we have to pay for. There is a cost to having a never-ending growing catalog.”
“There’s a lot of content getting uploaded to our platform every week… it puts a lot of content in our servers that we have to pay for. There is a cost to having a never-ending growing catalog.”
Jeronimo Folgueira, Deezer
As part of its announcement of an artist-centric payment model last September, Deezer said it would “replace non-artist noise content on the platform with its own content in the functional music space, which will not be accounted for in the royalty pool” – clearly a move towards shrinking the ever-growing catalog of tracks.
All of which leaves us with some big questions:
Is the rapid increase in the number of tracks being uploaded to streaming services financially sustainable?
Will streaming services like Spotify have to take further steps to address the growing costs of hosting this burgeoning volume of music?
And will more radical moves – like charging distributors for new song uploads, or purging non-performing tracks from the catalog – eventually prove necessary?
